Windmills once made the patchwork plains of Castilla-La Mancha, central Spain, famous.
However, wind turbines, their contemporary equivalent, are now much more prominently visible on the region's landscape.
The Sierra del Romeral windfarm's 28 massive turbines are perched on hills not far from Toledo, a historic city, and overlook this landscape.
They are run by the Spanish company Iberdrola and are a part of a trend that has accelerated Spain's production of renewable energy over the past half a century, making Spain a major player in the sector.
Since 2008, Spain's primary renewable energy source, total wind generation capacity, has doubled. In contrast, solar energy capacity has increased by eight times during the same time period.
Since Sweden has the largest renewable energy infrastructure, Spain is now the EU member state with the second-largest.
Pedro Sánchez, the prime minister of the Socialist Workers' Party in Spain, referred to his nation earlier this year as "a driving force of the energy transition on a global scale."
With the removal of regulatory obstacles and the introduction of subsidies for renewable installation, the boom began shortly after the 2018 election of Mr. Sánchez as the new government's leader. The pandemic further sped up the pattern on a homegrown level.
José Donoso, chief executive of UNEF, the Spanish Photovoltaic Association, which represents the solar panel industry, states, "The impact of Covid was very positive for our sector." People saved money, gave it some thought, and many of them decided that it would be better to put it in their roof than their bank."
In the mean time, the public authority presented aggressive new targets, including covering 81% of Spain's power needs with renewables by 2030. However, the electricity industry is concerned about an imbalance between supply and demand—sometimes with a surplus of electricity—that lies behind this success story.
Electricity consumption has been decreasing in recent years, despite the fact that the Spanish economy has recovered strongly from the Covid pandemic and is expanding faster than all of the other major economies in the bloc.
Last year, interest for power was even beneath that found in the pandemic year 2020, and the least starting around 2003.
"What we saw until 2005 was that when Gross domestic product expanded, interest for power expanded more than Gross domestic product," says Miguel de la Torre Rodríguez, head of framework improvement at Red Eléctrica (REE), the organization that works Spain's public network.
All the more as of late, he says, "we've seen that request has expanded not as much as Gross domestic product. We are witnessing a disconnect between energy intensity and the economy.
The recent drop in demand can be attributed to a number of factors. They include the energy crisis that Europe's businesses and homes experienced as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Additionally, energy efficiency has advanced and become more widespread.
The demand for electricity from the national grid has decreased as a result of the increased use of renewable energy.
According to Mr. Rodrguez, prices can be affected by shifting the supply-demand balance during daylight hours, when solar energy output is particularly high.
"Since the power framework generally must have a balance - request needs to approach age - that has implied there has been abundance age during those hours," he says.
Prices have decreased as a result, particularly during certain hours when they have been zero or even negative. "While such low costs are welcome for purchasers, they are possibly an issue with regards to drawing in speculation to the business.
"This can make it more hard for financial backers to build their interest in new power in light of sustainable power sources," says Sara Pizzinato, a sustainable power master at Greenpeace Spain.
"That might obstruct the energy transition."
The need to accelerate the economy's "electrification," which involves moving away from fossil fuels, has been brought up in response to concerns that Spain has an excess of electricity. By 2030, the Sánchez government intends to make 34% of the economy dependent on electricity.
"This cycle is going gradually, and we want to speed up it," says UNEF's José Donoso.
"The most competitive and least expensive method of producing clean energy is electricity.
We require facilities that substitute electricity for fossil fuels.
It is thought that it is unrealistic to completely rely on electricity because the transition will be difficult for important industries like metals and chemicals.
However, Mr. Donoso and others believe that electrification could be accomplished more quickly. For instance, Spain is following large numbers of its European neighbors with regards to the establishment of intensity siphons in homes, and the utilization of electric vehicles, which just make up around 6% of vehicles out and about.
While Ms. Pizzinato acknowledges the significance of electrification, she asserts that other approaches to resolving the supply-demand issue include accelerating the phasing out of nuclear power and expanding the capacity for energy storage.
She says: " We really want to connect more individuals and more enterprises popular side administration, to ensure the adaptability required in the framework is out there to make age and request match better during the day and during the evening."
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